4.1. History of Novel

 4.1 History of Novel

Short Notes for objective type of questions

1. The word NOVEL is derived from the Italian word NOVELLA which means NEW.

2. A novel is relatively long narrative fiction which describes intimate human experiences.

3. The novel has a history of about two thousand years.

4. Murasaki Shikubi's "Tale of Genji" (1010) has been considered as the world's first novel.

5. The European novel is often said to begin with 'Don Quixote' by Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes which was published in two parts between 1605 and 1615.

6. After 1740, novel originated as the literary form in England.

7.Novella - originated from Italian word 'Novelle' .

8. Novella - shorter than novel and longer than short stories.

9.  9. Important Novella are -

a)   a) The Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

b    b) The Turn of the Screw by Henry James

      c) Billy Budd by Hermann Melville

      d) Death in Venice by Thomas Mann

       e) Seize The Day by Saul Bellow

       f) Pearl by John Steinbeck 

      

Writer	Novel	Related information
Virgil	Ecologues
Malory	Morte De Arthur
Geoffrey Chaucer	The Canterbury Tales
Murasaki Shikibu	Tale of Genji (1010)	World's first novel
Miguel de Cervantes	Don Quixote (1605&1615)	European first novel
John Bunyan	The Pilgrims Progress	1678
Aphra Behn	Oroonoku	1688
Daniel Defoe	Robinson Crusoe, Mall Flanders
Jonathan Swift	Gulliver’s Travels	Famous satire
Samuel Richardson	Pamela, Virtue Rewarded and Clarissa	Epistolary novels, 18 th century novelists
Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterne, Tobias Smollett		18 th century novelists
Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Horace Walpole, Thomas hardy, Willkie Collins and H.G. Wells		18 th century novelists
E.M.  Forster, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, Henry James, George   Orwell,   Graham   Greene,   D.H. Lawrence,  William  Golding  and Anthony Burgess.		20th century novelists
Salman Rushdie (India), V.S. Naipaul (Trinidad), Kazuo Ishigura (Japan)		Immigrant authors of 20th century
Women Novelists
Frances Burney	Evelina	Novel of manners
Ann Radcliffe		Gothic novels
Mary Shelley	Frankenstein	Science fiction
Jane Austen		Ruling over the minds of people
Bronte sisters Emily	The wuthering Heights
Charlotte	Jane eyre
Mary Ann Evans alias George Eliot		Wrote psychological novels
Virginia Woolf		Pioneer of the Stream of consciousness technique of English novel
Agatha Christie	Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple	Wrote novels on crime
Harper Lee, , Margaret Atwood, Toni Morrison and Alice Walker		Other women novelists
Indian Scenario
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya	Rajmohan’s Wife	First novel in English written by an Indian
Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao		Major Indian novelists
Anita Desai,  Nayantara  Sahgal  and Arun  Joshi and   Manohar   Malgaonkar Amitav  Ghosh,  Vikram  Seth and   Upamanyu   Chatterjee Salman   Rushsie,   Arvind Adiga,  Arundhati  Roy,  Kiran  Desai  and Kiran  Nagarkar		Other important Indian novelists

Activity sheet - 1

 Activity Sheet - 1

Q.1) Read the following extract and complete the activities given below.                  12 M

                At  a  corner  of  Sixth  Avenue  electric  lights  and cunningly  displayed  wares  behind  plateglass  made  a shop window attractive. Soapy took a stone and dashed it  through  the  glass.  People  came  running  round  the coner,  a  policeman  in  the  lead.  Soapy  stood  still  with his hands in his pockets, and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.

“Where’s  the  man  that  done  that?”  inquired  the officer agitatedly.

        “Don’t  you  think  that  I  might  have  had  something to do with it?” said Soapy, with a friendly voice, as one greets good fortune.

The  policeman  refused  to  accept  Soapy  even  as a  clue.  Men  who  smash  windows  do  not  remain  to chat  with  the  police.  They  take  to  their  heels.  The policeman saw a man half-way down the block running to catch a car. With drawn club he joined in the pursuit. Soapy,  with  disgust  in  his  heart,  drifted  along,  twice unsuccessful.

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  street  was  a  restaurant of  no  great  pretensions.  It  catered  to  large  appetites and  modest  purses.  Its  crockery  and  atmosphere  were thick;  its  soup  and  napery  thin.  Into  this  place  Soapy betook himself without challenge. At a table he sat and consumed beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie. And then he told the waiter the fact that the minutest coin and himself were total strangers.

“Now, get busy and call a cop”, said Soapy. “And don’t keep a gentleman waiting.”

“No cop for you,” said the waiter, with a voice like butter cakes and an eye like the cherry in the Manhattan cocktail. “Hey, Con!”

Neatly  upon  his  left  ear  on  the  callous  pavement two  waiters  pitched  Soapy. He arose,  joint by joint, as a acarpenter’s rule opens, and dusted his clothes. Arrest seemed  now  but  an  elusive  dream.  The  island  seemed very far away. A policeman who stood before a drugstore two doors away laughed and walked down the street.

 A1) True or false.

Rewrite the statements and state whether they are true or false.

1. Soapy expected that police should catch him.
2. Soapy dashed the glass of the shop window to take revenge.
3. The waiter handed over Soapy to the police.
4. The restaurant where Soapy ate was not a rich restaurant. 

 A2) Describe the restaurant  where Soapy ate meal.

A3) The police refused to accept Soapy as a culprit of dashing the glass window. Give its reason.

A4) Personal response

Give any funny event of your life in 50 words.

A5) Do as directed.

a) “Don’t  you  think  that  I  might  have  had  something to do with it?” said Soapy.

        (Change into indirect speech)

b) Soapy took a stone.    (Rewrite the sentence starting with "A stone...")

A6) Choose and write the words related to the restaurant from the extract.

Q.2)  Read the extract and complete the activities given below.                                    10 M

                             My father travels on the late evening train

Standing among silent commuters in the yellow light Suburbs slide past his unseeing eyes

His shirt and pants are soggy and his black raincoat Stained with mud and his bag stuffed with books

Is falling apart. His eyes dimmed by age

Fade homeward through the humid monsoon night. Now I can see him getting off the train

Like a word dropped from a long sentence.

He hurries across the length of the grey platform, Crosses the railway line, enters the lane,

His chappals are sticky with mud, but he hurries onward.

    A1) Choose the correct statement from the following and write them.

        1. The father travels by late evening train.

        2. The father is not an old person.

        3. The clothes of the father are very wet and unpleasent during the journey.

        4.The father crosses the railway line to come home.

    A2) The season described in the extract is rainy season. give the proof from the extract.

    A3) Describe any four problems of train journey that a common man faces in general                     bogie.

    A4) Write the example with explanation of the following figures of speech from the                     extract.

        1. Alliteration

        2. Simile

     A5) Compose a short poem in about four lines on your father.

Q.3) Write an appreciation of the following poem with the help of given points.        4 M

    a) About the poet, poem and title. b) Theme of the poem c) Language and style

    d) Poetic devices  e) Special features f) message  g) Your opinion about the poem. 

                                            Weavers, weaving at break of day,

Why do you weave a garment so gay?......

Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild,

 We weave the robes of a new-born child.

 

Weavers, weaving at fall of night,

Why do you weave a garment so bright?........

Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green,

We weave the marriage-veils of a queen.

 

Weavers, weaving solemn and still,

What do you weave in the moonlight chill……

White as a feather and white as a cloud,

We weave a dead man’s funeral shroud.

  Q. 4) Develop a mind mapping design to show the 'Information about water' with the help of                             following points

        a) sources  b) uses  c) states d) add your own points                                                    4 M

Change the degree -

 Change the Degree

Constructions to be used in degrees

Positive Degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
as +Adj+as/ so +Adj + as	second form of adjective +than	-
No other	second form of adjective +than any other	the + third form of adjective
very few other	than most other / then many other	one of the

1. Positive Degree

a) Use  of as ....as or so .... as.

b) Adjective in first form.

c) Use of no other or very few other.

2. Comparative Degree

a) Use of second form of adjective.

b) Use of than.

c) Use of than any other/ than many other/than most other.

3. Superlative Degree

a) Use of the or one of the.

b) Use of third form of the verb.

I) When there is comparison between two.

1) Marathi easy than English.

Ans.- English is not as easy as Marathi.

2) Cure is not as good as prevention.

Ans.- Prevention is better than cure.

3) He is as brave as Ramesh.

Ans.- Ramesh is not braver than he.

4) Raju is stronger than Rahul.

Ans.- Rahul is not as strong as Raju.

5) Swimming is better than running.

Ans.- Running is not as good as swimming.

II) Comparison between one and many things -

1) India is most beautiful country in the world.

Ans- India is more beautiful than any other country in the world.

Ans.- No other country in the world is as beautiful as India.

2) Mumbai is bigger than any other city in India.

Ans.- Mumbai is the biggest city in India.

Ans.- No other city in India is as big as Mumbai.

3) No other city is as beautiful as Jaipur.

Ans.- Jaipur is more beautiful than any other city.

Ans.- Jaipur is the most beautiful city.

4) Mahabaleshwar is coldest place in India.

Ans.- Mahabaleshwar is colder than any other place in India.

Ans.- No other place in India is as cold as Mahabaleshwar.

III) Change in degrees using the word Very few other, Most other/Many other, one of the -

1) Hamlet is one of the greatest tragedies in English Literature.

Ans.- Hamlet is greater than most other tragedies in English literature.

Ans.- Very few other tragedies in English literature are as great as Hamlet.

2) Lata Mangeshkar is more famous than many other singers in India.

Ans.- Lata mangeshkar is one of the most famous singers in India.

Ans.- Very other singers in India are as famous as Lata Mangeshkar.

3) Very other boys in the class are as clever as he.

Ans.- He is cleverer than many other boys in the class.

Ans.- He is one of the cleverest boys in the class.

4) Surat is one of the most beautiful places in India.

Ans.- Surat is more beautiful than most other places in India.

Ans.- Very few other places in India are as beautiful as Surat.    

2.5. Father Returning Home - Appreciation of the poem

 2.5. Father Returning Home

Appreciation of the poem -

About the poet -

        This poem is written by a famous poet Dilip Chitre. He was a bilingual poet and translator with remarkable work in Marathi and English. He was also painter, film-maker and a columnist for magazine. He received the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award both for poetry as well as for his well-known translation work 'Says Tuka', popular abhangas by Sant Tukaram.

About the title -

        The title clearly depicts the journey of a father towards his home and his daily routine. The activities and loneliness of the father is depicted in this poem.

About the poem -

        This poem is taken from 'Travelling in a Cage'. It draws a portrait of a suburban commuter. It depicts his dull, monotonous, exhausting and equally pitiable daily routine. It describes a forced alienation at home, which is reflected through the stale food and lack of sharing.

Language and style - 

        The poem is in free verse. The poet did not use any rhyming words in this poem. The language is very simple and easy to understand. The poet used many words like stale, sullen, dimmed etc. to create the real picture of the real situation of the father.

Poetic Devices -

            There is no rhyme scheme because the poem is in free verse. The figures of speech used in this poem are alliteration, personification, repetition etc.

Special features - 

         The poet used different imagery to describe the pain and misery lurking in the old man's soul as he travels in the local train. A wonderful image is used to describe his getting down from the train: Like a word dropped from a long sentence.

Message/ Moral -

        Father returning home is a dramatic monologue, the voice of a son detailing the scenes from the life of his father. The poem focuses on a man's isolation from the materialistic man-made world.

My opinion about the poem - 

        This poem clearly presents a picture of a modern society. The loneliness and indifference of a father move me a lot. I feel pity and sympathy for him. I like this poem very much.

2.4. Have you Earned your Tomorrow - Appreciation of the Poem

 2.4. Have you Earned your Tomorrow

Appreciation of the poem

About the poet -

    This poem is written by Edger Guest. He began his writing career in 1895 at the age of fourteen. Edger Guest is known as 'people's poet' for his simple style and optimistic tone of writing. Guest is an American writer of newspaper and magazines.

About the title -

    This title suggest about our future which dependent on our present work or behavior. Here the poet asked a question to the reader what they are doing to brighten or secure their future. 

About the poem -

    This is an inspirational poem. In this poem, the speaker is asking the readers whether they have done anything to improve the life of another human being or not.

Language/style -

    The language of the poem easy and simple to understand. The poet uses some interesting words and phrases like 'howdy, churlish, a scar of discontent etc. to make the poem interesting. 

Poetic devices -

    The rhyme scheme used in this poem is 'a a b b'. The figures of speech used in this poem are repetition, interrogation, alliteration etc in this poem.

Special features -

    The poet used questions in this poem. It creates impact on reader's mind. The poet appeals the reader to analyse his behavior.

Message - 

    The poem gives us the message that if we done a mistake or harm someone, we will surely get a punishment. It also tells that one should consider one's actions and deeds carefully and plan accordingly for a better future.

My opinion about the poem - 

       It's a very beautiful poem which gives a nice message. Everyone should follow it in his life. Such poem teach good lessons that is very essential for our society. 

2.3 The Inchcape Rock - Appreciation of the Poem

 2.3. The Inchcape Rock

Appreciation of the poem

About the poet -

    This poem is written by Robert Southey. he was born in Bristol, England. He was a poet of Laureate of England. Some of his short poems like 'The Scholar", 'The Battle of Blenheim", 'Bishop Hatto', 'The Inchcape Rock' etc. are very popular with the school children.

About the title and poem - 

    The title has taken as its name of the rock which is the central of all events. This poem is a ballad. It's a story of the 14th century attempt by the Abbot of Aberbrothok to install a warning bell on the Inchcape Rock which is about 11 miles off the east coast of Angus, Scotland. There is a story of a pirate who removed the bell on the Inchcape Rock placed by Abbot of Aberbrothok. 

Language - 

    The language used in the poem is clear and live. it presents clear image of events. There are few new words which are essential to create the real picture of the story.

Poetic Devices-

    The rhyme scheme used in the poem is 'a a b b'. The main figures of speech used in this poem are alliteration, apostrophe, inversion, personification etc. 

Special Features -

    This poem is a ballad. Here is story of a bell which was placed by Abbot of Aberbrothok on the Inchcape Rock. Then it was removed by Sir Ralph. Here the poem also shows the jealousy of persons which cause the distraction of his life.

Message/Moral -

    The poem gives us a message that those who do wrong things will meet with due punishment. The poem tell us that if we harm someone or make a mistake we will get punishment.

My opinion about the poem -

    The poet narrates a beautiful story surrounding the Inchcape Rock. He narrates the jealousy and its harsh impact. It is good and beautiful poem.  

2.2. Indian Weavers - Appreciation of the poem

 2.2. Indian Weavers

Appreciation of the poem -

About the Poet - 

    This poem is written by Sarojini Naidu. She was a political activist, feminist and the first Indian woman who became the President of the Indian National Congress. Sarojini Naidu's work as a poetearned her the sobriquet of Nightingale of India. 

About the title - 

    The title clearly deals with Indian Weavers. Indian weavers are weaving clothes for various occasions. Here the poet tells about the work of weavers and its relation with human life.

About the poem - 

     'Indian Weavers' is a short poem where the poet talks about three types of garment that the weavers weave at three particular times of a day. Each stanza of the poem represents the three important events of human life: birth (childhood), adulthood (young) and death (old).

The theme -

    The poem focuses on the craft and skill of the Indian Weavers. The poem tells about the three important stages in human life - birth, marriage and death. The poet uses different times of a day to show the three stages of human life and colours of the garment to show the moods related to the events and in stages of human life.

Poetic Style & Language - 

    The poet uses three stanzas of four lines. The poet has written the poem in question-answer format. The poet asks three questions to the weavers and gives the answers in a simple way. The language is very simple to understand and figurative and metaphorical language is used.

Poetic Devices-

    The poem presents the works of weavers through imagery and words very effectively. The main figures of speech used here are Simile, Metaphor, Inversion, Alliteration and Repetition. The rhyme scheme of the poem is a a b b.

Special Features - 

    The poet uses different images and colours to show the different stages and moods of the that stages of human life. Break of the day, fall of night and the moonlight chill are used to depict the stages - birth, adulthood and death of human life. The colours blue , purple, green and white are used to express happiness, prosperity, wealth and sadness in human life at three stages of life.

Message - 

    The poem depicts three stages of human life and feelings and moods of human at those stages. These stages of life are inevitable and everyone has to face it.

My opinion about the poem -

    The poem is very beautiful where the poet describes the three stages of human life and moods of human at those stages very beautifully by using imagery and colours.