Modal Auxiliaries - its uses or functions.

Modal Auxiliaries

Definition of Verb – A word which denotes the action is called as verb.

 

                                                  Main verbs

Types of verbs –                                                                      Primary Auxiliaries

                                                 Helping Verbs.

                                                                                                        Modal Auxiliaries

 

Primary Auxiliaries –   1. to be’s verbs – am, is, are, was, were.

                                       2. to have’s verbs – have, has , had.

                                       3. to do’s verbs – do, does, did.

Modal Auxiliaries and its uses/ functions-

  v Can -  A. It is used to express ability.

       for e.g. –     1. I can speak English fluently.

                           2. I can swim.

                   B. It is used to express permission.

          for e.g. -      1. Can I take your book?

                             2. You can sit down now.

  v Could – A. It is used to express ability in past.

For e.g. -     1. I could play hockey when I was young.

                   2. I could dance well when I was well.

          B. It is used to express polite request.

for. e.g. -     1. Could you read for me?

                   2. Could you tell me the address?

 

  v May –         A. It is used to express permission.

    for e.g. -      1. May I come in sir?

                       2. You may go now.

          B. It is used to express possibility or probability.

    for e.g. -      1. It my rain today.

                       2. He may be in the library.

   v Might – It is used to express less possibility.

    for e.g. -      1. It might rain today.

                       2. He might be at home.

   v Will & Shall – They are used to express certainty.

    for e.g. -      1. I will pass the examination with good marks.

                       2. I will do better in my life.

   v Would & Used to – They are used to express habitual action in past.

    for e.g. -      1. I would walk everyday early in the morning.

                       2. He used to dance well.

   v Should – It is used to express advice & suggestion.

    for e.g.-       1. You should study hard.

                       2. You should attend your lectures.

   v Must – It is used to express obligation and compulsion.

    for e.g. -      1. We must repay the loans.

                       2. Students must enter in the college in uniforms.

   v Ought to – It is used to express moral duty.

    for e.g.-       1. We ought to obey our parents.

                       2. We ought to pay taxes.

   v Need – It is used to express necessity.

    for e.g. -      1. I need your help.

                       2. He need not go.

   v Dare – It is used to express courage.

    for e.g.-       1. He dares to give the answer.

                       2. He dares to fight with me.

Articles - Uses of article a, an & the.

Articles

A, an & the are usually called as articles.

There are two types of articles.

                                                                    Definite Article - the

                       Articles                       Indefinite Articles – a & an

v Uses of the indefinite article ‘a’-

1.     With singular common nouns beginning with consonant sounds-

e.g. – a pen, a boy, a cow, a man,

          2. With singular common nouns starting with vowels having consonant        

               sounds.

              e.g. – a university,  unit, a european, a unicorn.

v Uses of the indefinite article ‘an’-

1.     With singular common nouns beginning with vowel sounds-

e.g. an umbrella, an egg, an eye, an elephant, an idiot.

          2. With singular common nouns starting with consonant having vowel    

               sounds.

                e.g. an hour, an honest man, an M.A.

v If the adjective is ued before the singular comman noun, the articles are used according to the pronunciation of the adjectives.

e.g.    a man          -        an honest man

          a meeting     -        an important meting

          a village       -        an adivasi village

          an animal    -        a useful animal

          an elephant  -        a big elephant

v Uses of the definite article ‘the’-

1.     To denote a particular person or thing –

e.g. – The chain you gave me is lost.

         We shall go to the movie.

2.     To denotecone which is already mentioned

e.g – I went to a shop. The shop is of my friend.

        I have a dog. The dog is obedient.

3.     To denote the unique things –

       e.g.The earth, the sun, the moon, the world.

4.     With superlatives –

e.g.- He is the best student in our class.

        This is the most beautiful picture.

5.     If the the noun representing a whole class

e.g. – 1. We should help the poor.

         2. The dog is a faithful animal.

            6. Before the names of rivers, sea, gulfs, groups of islands, mountains

                ranges etc.

              e.g. – the Ganga, the Red Sea, the Persian gulf, the Himalayas,

                        the sahyadri

          7. Before the names of certain books which are famous worldwide

                e.g. – the Mahabharata, The Ramayana, The Kuran, The Bible.

          8. Before the names of musical instruments-

               e.g. – the Piano, the flute, the violin

          9. Before the name of newspaper –

                e.g. – The Times of India, The Sakal, The Hindu.

          10. Before the names of the nations which are in plural form

                e.g. – ths USA, the Netharlands, the United Kingdoms.

          11. Before the names of political party –

                e.g. – the congress, the BJP, the Shivsena.

12. Before the ordinal numbers-

               e.g. the second, the third.

          13. Before the names of Railways, ships and air services –

               e.g. – the Deccan Queen, The Sinhgad Express, The Rajendra,

                         the Air India.

14. Before the names of Banks, Government Dept.

     e.g. – The Bank of India, The Ministry of Education.

15. Before the names of monuments, forts

      e.g. – The Taj Mahal, the Pratapgad.  

16. Before the names of posts –

          e.g. – The Chief Minister, the Principal  

 

         

 

2.1. Song of the Open Road - Ice-breakers & Brainstorming Activities.

 1.1.   Song Of the Open Road

Ice-breakers

·         Choose the mode of travel that you would like the most for a journey. Give reasons for your preference.

a)      Airways – reasons –

1)      It is an adventurous journey.

2)      It gives the experience of flying.

3)      It is a very high class journey experience.

4)      It saves time.

b)      Waterways – Reasons

1)      It is an adventurous journey.

2)      It gives the glimpse of sea animals.

3)      It also saves time & distance.

c)      Railways – Reasons –

1)      It gives the glimpse of nature’s variety.

2)      It gives the different journey experience.

3)      It is inexpensive.

d)     Roadways – Reasons –

1)      It is connected to every part.

2)      It is inexpensive.

3)      It is easy to get mode of travels

 

·         Discuss with your partner, the preparations you would like to make for the journey chosen.

a)      Book the accommodation and other transport facilities.

b)      Get the information about that place.

c)      Pack the essential things like clothes, medicines etc.

d)     Get your all essential documents with yourself like id-proof, cards etc.

 

·         Discuss the ways in which you would overcome the problems/ hindrances/ difficulties you face during your journey.

a)      Face problems with confidence.

b)      Don’t be anxious, fearsome.

c)      Keep proper discipline.

d)     Try to contact with friend and relatives.

e)      Try to speak with people & get the proper direction of your way.

 

·         During every journey we have to observe certain rules. Discuss your idea of the journey without any restrictions. You can begin like this-

a)      I would go alone or with my friends.

b)      I will follow the discipline in new place.

c)      I will enjoy the beauty of nature without any risk.

d)     I will not be arrogant with people.

 

BRAINSTORMING ACTIVITIES.

A1)

i)        Pick out the lines showing that the pot is prepared to enjoy every moments of his journey.

    Ans. – a) a foot and light - hearted I take to the open road,

                    Healthy, free, the world before me.

                b) Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune.

                c) Strong & content I travel the open road.

ii)      By ‘old delicious burdens’ the poet means –

Ans. – Sweet memories of the past.

iii)    The poet is a person who is free from all inhibitions. Discuss how the concept of ‘freedom’ is expressed in the poem.

Ans. – The theme of the poem is freedom and the joy attached to it.  The poet is relaxed and stress free. The poet is happy and never thinks about the problems and difficulties in his journey. He is light hearted. He is a satisfied person. He is on the journey on open road means he is on the journey on open road where all are equal. He has a freedom to choose his own path.

A2)

i)        Following are the activities of the poet related to his journey on the road. Divide them into two parts as ‘activities the poet will practice’ and ‘activities he will not practice’.

 

Activities the poet will practice	Activities he will not practice
Walking along the road though he does not where it reaches.	Complaining about the discomforts during the journey.
Carrying the fond memories of the good people.	Postponing the journey.
Reflecting and developing his own ‘self’.	Praying for good fortune.
	Creating contacts with famous and influential people.
	Striving to achieve high and bright success.

 

ii)      Write down the traits the poet exhibit through following lines. One is done for you.

a)      Henceforth, I ask for no good fortune- I myself am good fortune : Self-confidence.

b)      Henceforth, I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing – Contented,  satisfy & carefree.

c)      I do not want the constellations any nearer – independence, Self awareness & Freedom.

d)     I swear it is impossible for me to get rid of them – Practical & Responsible.

e)      I am filled with them – I will fill them in return -  Grateful & calmness.

iii)    “Healthy, free, the world before me”.

Express your views regarding the above line.

            Ans. – The poet started journey on the open road. He talks about himself that he is healthy and  free. Also the world before him is healthy and there is healthy nature. He is healthy to travel everywhere. There are no restrictions. The whole world is open before him. He can choose where he wants to go.

A3) The poet has used many describing words such as ‘healthy’ in this poem. Make a list and classify them as.

a)               For the world – free, querulous.

b)                For himself – light hearted, healthy, free, strong, content.

c)                 For the road – open, brown, long.

      Figures of Speech –

      1)      ‘Henceforth I ask ………… good-fortune’

-          Inversion – The word order is changed to creat the poetic effect.

-          Repetition – The word ‘good-fortune’ is repeated.

       2)      ‘Henceforth I whimper………need nothing’

-          Repetition – the words ‘no more’ are repeated.

       3)      ‘Song of the open road’

-          Metaphor – here open road is called as road of the life.

       4)      ‘Strong & content I travel the open road’

-          Inversion – word order is changed to create poetic effect.

       5)      ‘I carry my old delicious burdens’

-          Metaphor – here delicious burdens means memories of the past.

       6)      ‘I carry them ………..where I go’

-          Repetition – the words ‘carry them’ are repeated.

       7)      ‘A foot and light hearted I take to the open road’

-          Inversion – the word order is changed to create the poetic effect.

       8)      ‘I filled with them, and I will fill them in return’

-          Repetition – the word ‘them’ is repeated.

       9)      ‘The long brown path…………. I choose’

-          Alliteration – the words starting with the sound ‘l’ is repeated.

       10)  ‘Done with ……….criticism’

-          Tautology – the words of same meaning ‘querulous and criticism’ are used in the line.

-          Climax – the words ‘complaints, libraries, querulous criticism’ are used in ascending order.  

         11)  ‘Song of the open road’ –

-          Personification – here non living object ‘road’ is shown as singing.

 

Appreciation of the poem

a)      About the poem and title –

The title –

            The title of the poem is appropriate. The title ‘Song of the Open Road’ is significant. Here the word ‘song’ is used for specific purpose that the poet is going to travel without any tension. The word ‘open road’ is also significant. It shows that the road is open to each and every person if he is poor or rich. The road shows mobility here.

 

About the poem-

            This poem is very beautiful poem. There is a beautiful blend of self awareness, free will and tenderness of heart. It gives us poet’s realization that along the journey of life one will face a test of wisdom which is not tested in any school or university. Here the poet argues against staying in one place for too long.

b)      The theme –

                  Freedom, joy of free life and optimism are the major themes. The poet tries to tell us to live a free life without any type of tensions and enjoy each and every moment of life. Although  life is not free from problems and troubles, he encourges every one to live their dreams.

c)      Poetic style –  The poem is written in the form of free verse. There are no rhyming words & rhyme scheme.

d)     The language – the language of the poem is very simple, easy to understand & effective.

e)      Poetic devices – There are various poetic devices used. The figures of specch Alliteration, paradox, repetition, tautology, metaphor, climax etc. are used in the poem.

f)       Special features – the first stanza is of three lines. The second & third stanza is of four lines. In the last stanza the poet uses parentheses to separate himself from worldly needs.

g)      Message/ Values/ Morals in the poem- This poem teaches us happiness and optimism. It also teaches us about freedom of life. We have to live life with enjoyment without taking burden of tensions.

h)      Your opinion -  This poem is a very beautiful poem. It gives happiness and enjoyment and creates positive attitude towrds our life.