Figures of Speech

 Figures of Speech

1. Simile – When a comparison is made between two things by using the word as/ like/as/such as is called as Simile.

e.g. – 1.Blue as the wing of halcyon wild.

2. Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green.

3. Tanaji fought like a lion.

2. Metaphor – A metaphor is an implied simile. Here it states that one thing is like another.  Here one thing is called as another thing.

e.g. – 1. Life is a dream.

2. Camels are the ships of desert.

3. Ministers are the pillars of the state.

3. Personification-  Here the human qualities are given to non human thing, abstract things or inanimate things.

e.g. –  1.The stars are dancing in the sky.

2. The wind howled in the night.

3. My alarm clock yells at me to get out of bed every morning.

4. Apostrophe – an apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the abstract, to the absent and to a personified object.

e.g . 1. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are. ( ...

2. O holy night! ...

3. Then come, sweet death, and rid me of this grief. ( ...

5. Antithesis – When two opposite ideas or terms or words are used in the line is called as antithesis.

"Man proposes, God disposes." 

"Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." 

"To err is human; to forgive divine."

6. Synecdoche -  A part is used to designate the whole or the whole is used to designate a part the it is called as synecdoche.

All the world’s bellies are fed by her.

All heads came together to solve the problem.

7. Repetition – when the word is repeated in the line or a line is repeated in the poem is called as repetition.

e.g. "And miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep."

Time after time

Heart to heart

Boys will be boys

Hand in hand

Get ready; get set; go

Hour to hour

8. Alliteration – when the words starting with same sound are repeated in the line then it is called as Alliteration.

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. ...

A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies.

Black bug bit a big black bear. ...

9. Onomatopoeia – It means the formation of words that are like natural sounds. Here the words are used which expresses sound.

e.g.  1. The rustling of leaves 

2. the yellow teeth twittering

3. The house tops clatter and clang.

10. Inversion – Here the word order is changed is changed to create the poetic effect. 

E.g. 1. Never again will you do that.

2. Never a day had she missed her lessons.

3.Rarely have I eaten better food.

4.Hardly ever does he come to class on time.

5.Not until a frog develops lungs does it leave the water and live on the land.

11. Paradox – It means a statement seemingly absurd or self contradictory though possibly true. Paradox means using contrasting words to criticise or to tell the truth.

E.g . 1. Save money by spending it.

2. If I know one thing, it's that I know nothing.

3. This is the beginning of the end.

4. Deep down, you're really shallow.

5. I'm a compulsive liar.

6. "Men work together whether they work together or apart."

12. Transferred Epithet – Epithet means adjective and transfer means change the place. In this figure of speech an epithet is transferred from its proper word to another that is closely associated with it in the sentence.

E.g. 1. Who looked from thoughtful eyes….

2. she found eager eyes and eyed alert.

13. Hyperbole – Hyperbole is a statement in exaggeration. It is an overstatement or exaggerated statement.

E.g. 1. I've told you to clean your room a million times!

2. It was so cold, I saw polar bears wearing hats and jackets.

3. I am so hungry I could eat a horse.

4. I have a million things to do today.

 14. Climax – Here the words are arranged in an ascending order.

E.g. 1. The dancers dance, the musicians play

2.  Land of birth, our faith, our pride.

3. She came, she saw and she won.

15. Anticlimax – Here the words are arranged in an descending order.

E.g. 1. She won, she saw, she came.

2. He lost his family, his house and his wealth in fire accident.

16. Tautology – Here the words with similar meaning are used in the same line.

E.g. 1. We have feet to scale and climb.

2. This is our heritage and heirloom.

17. Metonymy – Here to denote the thing or person a related thing of its is used.

E.g. 1. The case is on the bench.

2. I have read Shakespeare.

 18. Rhetorical questions -  Here the questions are used not for the sake of getting an answer to give the focus on the thing.

E.g. 1. Do you want to be a failure for the rest of your life?

2. Does a bear poop in the woods?

3. Can fish swim?

4.Can birds fly?

5.Do dogs bark?

2.4. Upon Westminster Bridge

 

Appreciation of the Poem – Upon Westminster Bridge

About the poem –

                        In the poem “Upon Westminster Bridge”, the poet describes the beauty of the Bridge as seen at dawn from the Westminster Bridge, London.

About the Poet –

                        The poet, William Wordsworth, was a major English romantic poet who was honored ‘Poet Laureate’ of the United Kingdom in the court of Queen Victoria. 

About the title –

                        The title of the poem is appropriate. The poet describes the beauty of the town from the bridge in the morning.

The theme –

                        The poet depicts the vivid description of the view of the city. The poet is on the Westminster Bridge and sees the city glittering in the clean smokeless air. The poem conveys the poet’s feelings about the beauty of the city.

Poetic style –

                        The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet with octave and sestet. It was a romantic poem which describes the beauty of the city.

Language –

                        The language of the poem is simple and easy to understand. Different figures of speech increases the beauty of the language.

Poetic devices –

                        The poet uses the rhyme scheme  “abba  abba” in octave and “abab” in sestet. The poet uses different figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, alliteration, inversion, personification etc.

Special features –

                        The poem is in the form of Petrarchan sonnet with octave and sestet.  There is ‘complaint’ in octave and ‘resolution’ in the sestet.

Message –

                        The poet successfully presents the beautiful atmosphere of the city. In the early morning the city becomes a landscape with amazing places. It is the positive way of looking at something that is not often taken granted.

Your opinion about the poem –

                        I like this poem. This poem is very beautiful which describes the beauty of the city in the early morning.

2.8 Small Towns and Rivers - appreciation of the poem

 

Appreciation of the Poem – Small Towns and Rivers

About the poem –

                        The poem describes a landscape and Nature where river is a dominant phenomenon. The poem is based on the belief of the tribal people from the North East, that souls of the beloved ones always continue to dwell in the natural elements around.

About the Poet –

                        Mamang Dai is a poet, journalist and from Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. She writes in English as well as Adi language. She has received Padmashree Award and Sahitya Akadami Award.

About the title –

                        The title ‘Small Towns and Rivers’ has deep meaning. The title shows the importance of river in the life of people. It also suggests the effects of civilization on rivers.

The theme –

                        The poem is based on the belief of the tribal people from North East, which souls of the beloved ones always continue to dwell in the natural elements around. The poet remembers death when she sees the towns. She implies the towns like when the towns have prospered nature has been destroyed.

Poetic style –

                        The poem is written in free verse. There are no rhyming words. The style is simple.

Language –

                        The language of the poem is figurative language. The poet uses symbolism in this poem. The poet uses repeated words to emphasis the thought.

Poetic devices –

                        The poet writes the poem in free verse. The poet makes the poem rhythmical by using figurative language and linguistic features. The poet uses different figures of speeches in the poem such as repetition, metaphor, Alliteration etc.

Special features –

                        The poet uses word imagery related to nature to make the poem beautiful. The poet gives importance to rivers and its conservation. The poet expresses effects of civilization on nature.

Message –

                        The poem gives us an important message about the conservation of nature and river. It also tells us pathetic condition of river due to civilization. It also depicts the beliefs of tribal people about nature.

Your opinion about the poem –

                        I like this poem. This poem tells us about an importance of rivers and nature. It also tells us about beliefs and life of tribal people.

2.7. She Walks in Beauty - Appreciation of the poem

 

Appreciation of the Poem - She Walks in Beauty

About the poem –

                        In this poem the poet describes an unnamed woman who is exceptionally striking. The poet describes not only her external appearance but also her inner goodness.

About the Poet –

                        George Gordon Byron is poet of this poem who is known as Lord Byron. He was a famous English Romantic poet and also a satirist. He composed “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” which made him immensely popular in England.

About the title –

                        The title ‘She Walks in Beauty’ very appropriate. The poet depicts not only outer beauty but also inner too. This poem describes a woman’s outer and inner beauty.

The theme –

                        The poem describes the divine beauty of a woman. The poem explores the idea that physical appearance is depends on inner goodness. The woman’s beauty is presented as a sign of her inner innocence and goodness.

Poetic style –

                        The poem has a simple and regular form. It includes three six lines stanzas. It is called sestet. Each stanza serves a slightly different purpose.

Language –

                        The language is simple and easy to understand. Figurative use of language increases the beauty of the poem. He uses literary devices appropriately which makes the poem effective.

Poetic devices –

                        The poet uses three stanzas which are sestet. The rhyme scheme of the poem is “a b a b a b”. The poet uses different figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, alliteration etc.

Special features –

                        The poet uses word imagery and presents the real picture of beauty of the woman. The poet uses words like night, starry skies, cloudless nigh etc. to glorify the beauty of woman.

Message –

                        The poem gives us a important message that not only outer beauty is important but also inner goodness is important. The inner purity, goodness makes the person more beautiful.

Your opinion about the poem –

                        I like this poem. This poem shows the importance physical beauty as well as the inner divine qualities.

Drafting Virtual Message - Examples

 

Drafting Virtual Messages

1. You are Aditya. Today you had the following conversation with Pranav, a friend of your elder brother, Arnav:

 

Pranav: Hello! Is it Aditya?

 

Aditya: Yes. I’m Aditya speaking. What can I do for you?

 

Pranav: Well, Aditya! I’m Pranav, your brother Arnav’s friend.

 

Aditya: Oh, I see. Well, my brother is not here now. So can I help you?

 

Pranav: Yes. Please convey him that he should bring my ‘Activity Work Book of English’ today in the college. I need it in the class.

 

Aditya: That’s fine. I’ll do that.

 

Pranav: Please do not forget it.

 

Aditya: I assure you about it. I will definitely convey your message to my brother.

 

As you are leaving for your school, write a message for your brother in about 50 words. Put your message in a box.

 

Answer:

 

Message 20 August, 9.30 a.m. Dear Arnav, Your friend Pranav called up to say that you had his ‘Activity Work Book of English’. He needs it in the class. So, he asked you to bring it in the college. Please do not forget as I had assured him to convey his message to you. Your brother, Aditya

 

2. Using information from the dialogue given below, write the message which Amrita left for her brother, Sourajit. (Do not leave out any vital information or add any new information).

 

Shekhar: Is this 28473892?

Amrita: Yes. May I know who is speaking?

Shekhar: I am Shekhar. I want to speak to Sourajit. I am his friend from IHM, Goa.

Amrita: I am his sister. Sourajit is not at home at the moment. Can you ring up a little later?

Shekhar: I shall be a little busy. Actually, I have got a placement at the Hotel Mumbai and will have to join with immediate effect. So right now I am trying to get all the formalities completed. This is the news that I wanted to give Sourajit. Will you do that for me? Also tell him that I will let him know my new cell phone number as soon as I get one.

Amrita: I’ll do that. Bye and all the best.

Amrita had to leave for office. So she wrote a note for Sourajit. Draft her message in not more than 50 words.

Answer:

Message:

5th Nov

1:20 p.m.

 Dear Sourajit

Shekhar, your friend from IHM Goa had called. He wanted to inform you about his new placement at the Hotel Mumbai. He is currently completing the formalities and would give you his new cell phone number as soon as he gets one.

Amrita.

 

3. You are Priyanka, a personal assistant to Ms. Sen. She was away attending a meeting when Mr. Garg rang up. You spoke to him and jotted down his message in your note- pad.

Draft the message for Ms. Sen using the information in your notes given below.

Mr. Garg – rang up – 5 pm – has received the CDs and the posters – coming tomorrow – to thank Ms. Sen and to personally hand over the cheque.

Answer:

28th Jan

 5:00 p.m.

Ms. Sen

Mr. Garg rang up at 5 pm today. He wanted to inform you that he has received the CDs and posters. He will be coming to the office tomorrow to thank you and personally hand over the cheque.

Priyanka

 

4. Read the following conversation between Aashna and Mr. Singh.

 

Aashna: Hello, may I speak to Ranajit, please?

Mr. Singh: Ranajit is getting ready for school. May I know who is speaking?

Aashna: My name is Aashna. I am Ranajit’s classmate.

Mr. Singh: Hello, Aashna. I am Ranajit’s father. Is there any message?

Aashna: Yes. Please ask him to bring his biology notebook to school today. I was absent from school due to illness. I would like to see the notes which our biology teacher gave to the class during my absence.

Mr. Singh: I will definitely do that. Since

Mr. Singh had to go for his morning walk he left a message for Ranajit. Draft that message in 50 words.

 

Answer:

Message:

3rd Dec

7:15 a.m.

Ranajit

Aashna, your classmate called while you were getting ready for school. She has asked you to carry your biology notebook to school. She wants to complete her notes that she missed during her absence.

Dad.

 

5. Rajat comes home from school and finds the door locked. 

Since he has a duplicate key he enters and finds a note from his mother kept on the table. In it, she explains that she had to rush to the hospital with Mrs. Manohar, their neighbor, who had met with an accident. She has also written that he should have the rice and curry kept on the dining table for lunch. He could heat the food in the microwave oven if he wanted to, but he should be very careful while handling the switch.

Draft the message which Rajat’s mother left for him.

 

Answer:

Message:

19th Sept

12:30 p.m.

Dear Rajat

I have taken Mrs. Manohar to the hospital as she met with an accident. Please have the rice and curry kept on the dining table for lunch. Warm the food in the microwave oven if you wish, but kindly be careful while handling the switch.

Mother.

 

6. Using the information given below, write a message which Manu left for his sister, Renu. (Do not add any new information. The message should not exceed 50 words).

Ruhaan rang up-book-reading session –‘Children Ask Kalam’ – Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – a compilation of letters received by him from children and his answers Oxford Book Store – 8 pm, this evening, – pick you up – 6:30 pm-attend reading session together.

Answer:

Message:

30th Aug

4:00 p.m.

Renu

Ruhaan called to inform about book reading session at Oxford Store at 8:00 p.m. Topic -‘Children Ask Kalam’ by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. It is a compilation of letters received by Dr. Kalam from children. Ruhaan will pick you up at 6:30 p.m.

 

Manu

 

 

2.3 There is Another Sky - Appreciation of the poem.

 Appreciation of the poem 

1. About the Poet - 

                Emily Dickinson is an American poet of the nineteenth century. Most of her poems are motivational and philosophical.

2. About the title -

                The title is itself a metaphor. The another sky indicates a the another world with lots of promising expectations.

3. About the poem -

                "Three is Another Sky" is an inspirational poem. The poet is communicating to her brother through a letter. She encourages her brother not to get depressed under any circumstances and pleads to him to return home.

4. Theme -

            Here the poet is trying to communicating her brother and encourages him and pleads him return home.

5. Poetic Style - 

            This poem is a petrarchan  sonnet with an octave and sestet. The poet uses slant rhyme in this poem.

6. Language -

            The language of the poem is very simple, lucid and easy to understand.

7. Poetic Devices -

            The poet uses different figures of speeches in this poem like metaphor, Alliteration, Repetition, Hyperbole etc.

8. Special Features -

            Here in this poem one can see the sister's love about her brother. 

9. Message -

                The poem gives a beautiful message that "Never say die". It also tells that life is full of challenges and one can tackle the challenges with a positive attitude.

10. My opinion about the poem -

                This is a very beautiful poem. It gives a nice message about life and indicates a sisiter's love about her brother. 

3.5. Statement of Purpose

Click on the below link and open the ppt and study the topic.

3.5. Drafting Virtual Message 

Study the following examples of SOP